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Basic Telescope Designs
The job of a telescope is to collect light, not to magnify an image (the eyepiece does that job). The larger the objective (the part that collects the light) whether it be a lens, in refractors, or a mirror, in reflectors, the more light the telescope will collect. The more light you can collect, the more detail you will be able to capture, and also important for astrophotography, the shorter your exposures will need to be to capture this detail.
Refractor Telescopes
The type of telescope most people visualize when they hear the word telescope is the 'Refractor'. This is what Galileo used for his break-thru discoveries. A refractor has an objective lens at the front which passes the light straight through to the back of the tube, focusing this light at an eyepiece or for astrophotography a camera.
Advantages:
-No central obstruction (see more in the reflecting scopes), giving higher contrast.
-Due to the simple design they require little maintenance.
-Excellent for planetary and lunar viewing and photography.
-Excellent for wide field viewing and astrophotography especially in shorter focal lengths (more on this later).
-Because the objective is permanently mounted and aligned there is no need for collimation (again more on this in another article).
-Excellent color in apochromatic and ED (Extra Dispersion) designs.
Disadvantages:
-Costlier per inch of aperture (objective) than reflectors and catadioptric telescopes.
-Can become bulky and difficult to manage, especially in larger lens designs.
Newtonian Telescopes
This design was invented by Sir Isaac Newton (he of the apple on the head fame). Instead of a lens at the front of the tube this telescope design uses a concave, parabolic mirror to collect light reflecting it back towards the front of the tube to a flat diagonal mirror which reflects the light out the side of the telescope to the eyepiece or camera for astrophotography.
Advantages:
-Lowest cost per inch of all the telescope designs.
-More light gathering power per dollar because of the lower cost design.
-Absolutely perfect color rendition.
-More compact design compared to a refractor of similar light gathering ability.
-Excellent contrast for planetary and lunar astrophotography and viewing in longer focal lengths.
-Can get excellent wide-field astrophotos and short exposures in shorter focal lengths.
Disadvantages:
-Slight loss of contrast due to the central obstruction (the flat secondary mirror) as compared to a refractor.
-Requires more maintenance, such as collimation (discussed in another article) which is vital for great results in your astrophotography, although you will learn how to do this quickly with practice.
Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescopes
This is a very popular design, with a high tech look. Also known as a CAT (Catadrioptics). They use a combination of lenses and mirrors to collect and focus the light onto the eyepiece or camera. The light enters the telescope through a thin 'lens' called a schmidt corrector plate, goes to the back of the scope to a spherical primary mirror which reflects the light back towards the front. Here the light strikes another mirror, the secondary mirror which is mounted on the corrector plate. This secondary mirror then reflects the light back towards the back where it is focused onto a hole in the primary mirror where the light is collected by an eyepiece or your astrophotography camera.
Advantages:
-Compact and portable.
-Low maintenance although once again collimation is required for top performance.
-Many, many astrophotography accessories available.
-Cheaper per inch of aperture as compared with refractors.
-Excellent all-round telescope, good to very good for both visual and astrophography.
-Very good for planetary and lunar viewing and astrophotography.
-Very good to excellent for DSO (Deep Space Object) astrophotography with a caveat (see the disadvantages).
-Very good to excellent optics, both Meade and Celestron are putting out excellent optics on a consistant basis.
Disadvantages:
-Costlier per inch of aperture as compared with Newtonian telescopes.
-Loss of contrast due to the central obstruction which is even larger than that in the Newtonian scopes.
-Due to their longer focal lengths the field of view is smaller and longer exposures are required for astrophotography, although a lens known as a focal reducer is available which minimizes or removes this problem. The longer focal length is actually an advantage in planetary and lunar photography.
Maksutov-Cassegrain
The Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope design is basically the same as the Schmidt-Cassegrain design except it uses a meniscus lens at the front instead of a Schmidt corrector plate. The main advantage to the Mak telescope design is you will get sharper higher contrast planetary and lunar images when compared with the Schmidt design.
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... Diminutive of Calista, Mythological Arcadian who transformed into a she-bear, then into the Great Bear constellation. Female Caliana Arabic A Moorish princess for whom a splendid palace was built in ...
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... Diminutive of Calista/ Mythological Arcadian who transformed into a she-bear/ then into the Great Bear constellation. F Greek Calisto Most beautiful. Diminutive of Calista/ Mythological Arcadian who ...
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... My Latest Astrophotos The Big Dipper asterism, part of the Ursa Major ("Great Bear") constellation in the northern sky. I shot this image by mounting my camera with 17-40 zoom lens at 31mm atop my ...
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... The Big Dipper is an asterism that is part of Ursa Major, the Great Bear constellation and the large "w" is part of Cassiopeia. A planisphere will tell you when each constellation can be seen in each ...
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... The Great Bear Constellation, (Broadside), 1973. The West Coast, (Broadside Folio), Blackfish, 1972. ANTHOLOGIES: Rendezvous With The Wild (Coffee Table Book) Houghton Mifflin, 2004, The Eye In The ...
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... perchî. The polar axis is shown looking very similar to a Djed pillar, with Seven Macaw representing the Big Dipper (Plough/Great Bear) constellation. John Major Jenkins has shown in his book Maya ...
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... Indigenous peoples Yes, Polar Bears No, Penguins Yes, Whales & Seals 24hr daylight July-August The word Arctic is derived from Arktos, 'the bear' in Greek, due to the Great Bear constellation above ...
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... S.S. Constellation CVA-64 constellation aries Columba the constellation pictures of the Draco constellation constellations chart great bear constellation constellations of zodiacs libra virgo aquarius ...
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What Planet is Your Family From? Uranus or Neptune?
Nancy R. Fenn
34a2
Happy families are all alike; every unhappy family is unhappy in its own way.
This is one of the most famous opening lines ever written. The author is a man consumed by horror and fascination with families and family life, a man who had 12 children and an intense relationship with his much younger wife, and whose own parents and older brother died when he was quite young.
The book is Anna Karenina. The author is Leo Tolstoy.
Many of Tolstoy's novels concern families and family life issues. In The Kreutzer Sonata, a husband murders his wife in a fit of jealous passion.
Tolstoy's family life was far from perfect and yet the profundity of family life consumed him for a lifetime. He asked to be buried near the green stick, a legendary place his older brother told him about when they were kids.
What about you? Does your Family Tree bear the fruits of pain or perfection? What about the family you're creating or plan to create? And your spouse's family?
Do your people fit the Normal Rockwell stereotype? The Partridge Family? How about the Royal Tannenbaums? Were you raised by a single parent? Relatives? Foster homes? Where do I come from? is an important question at some time in our lives and especially when we have Saturn in the 4th, 8th and 12th houses of the chart.
For all of us, really knowing ourselves means knowing about the families we come from. This is the great mystery of the bottom of the chart, the IC, the Imum Coeli. Translated literally this means the deepest most part of the Heavens. This is the 4th house.
Erin Sullivan has written a very interesting seminal work on family chart interpretation in her latest book, The Astrology of Family Dynamics. She thinks families come in two different types: Uranian and Neptunian. Let's take a closer look at this.
So, what's it like to come from Uranus? Uranus is the planet that rules individuality, freedom and the ability to stand alone against insurmountable obstacles. There is a Promethean heroism in the basic Uranian character. As you recall, Prometheus stole fire from the gods and gave it to humans. For this willful act of transgression, he was chained to a rock for all eternity. Every day an eagle (the bird of Zeus, his tormenter) eats out his liver. And every night it grows back. Many an Aquarian soul will identify with the agony and the ecstasy of this myth. Uranus is the ruler of Aquarians and astrologers. Sometimes the truths we bring are not welcome though they are spectacularly life sustaining.
Uranus is the planet that gives us the will to stand up and break the chains that bind us. Uranus rules revolutions such as the French Revolution and the American Revolution. When it's time for a revolutionary change in the status quo, in rides Aquarius on the hurricane winds of change. (Aquarius is an air sign.)
The mythological Uranus, some might remember, ate his own children because he thought they were ugly. Still he and Gaea created the protogods of the Greek pantheon.
What on earth does this tell us about family dynamics? Well, the reason Uranus thought his children were ugly is an important consideration. It was because they didn't fit his ideal. The Uranian personality can be consumed with a vision so pure that it dreadfully devalues any tangible reality.
Families adopting the Uranian model will be comprised of strong individuals who are encouraged to think for themselves as soon and have opinions of their own as soon as they can talk. The family is seldom at home because their family ideal is to contribute to society. The members of these families are serving on committees to preserve ethnic folk dances, getting elected to school boards, organizing fund raisers to pay for a neighborhood child's prosthesis or starting a group like MADD.
The children in Uranian homes are escorted to the door at 18 or 21 and out in to the world they go, never looking back. These are not the kids who are expected to call home every Sunday afternoon at 6 pm. For some readers this is sounding like a horror story but for some, it should be oddly consoling and even quite highly amusing. You are thinking, At last, someone is describing a family like mine.
The siblings in Uranian families, not to mention the parents, often go for years without talking to one another. It is always interesting to discover what brings them back into contact. (If you know a family like this, be sure and ask.) Needless to say, in these families, everyone is the black sheep!
The Uranian family has few traditions since they don't value tradition. Family reunions are rare. Maybe they read about each other in the newspaper!
Because every Uranian is at heart living in a future which doesn't exist yet, images from science fictions books and films come to mind. Stanley Kubrick is a quintessential Uranian type. Here's a world view quote:
The most terrifying fact about the universe is not that it is hostile but that it is indifferent, but if we can come to terms with the indifference, then our existence as a species can have genuine meaning. However vast the darkness, we must supply our own light.
- Stanley Kubrick
Many astrologers and metaphysicians, myself included, would agree with Kubrick; however this description is sure to strike terror in the hearts of Neptunians everywhere. Indifference? Yikes!
Uranians meditate on pure energy and rarely see images but if they do, it is likely to be very abstract (and “indifferent”) such as light spirals, galactic cosmos starry nights or extra terrestrials. Neptunians on the other hand can conjure angels, fairies, auras, the Divine Mother and her Suffering Son. Medicine Men, Shamans, Isis … beings with faces and eyes that connect and beckon kindly.
Which one is better? That's not a question to ask in a paradigm like astrology that presents the world fundamentally in polarities as do many of the world's great religions. Uranians:Neptunians as yang:yin as air/fire:water/earth.
The Neptunian ideal is for perfect union, communion, the ecstasy of never having to leave the mother's care or the father's protection. The family ideal is for a seamless blending of personalities into an organic whole which breaths and sighs as one. (The Uranians are now horrified, thinking, I can't breath!)
The god Neptune ruled the ocean and it is an oceanic oneness that Neptunians crave. They secretly desire an umbilical attachment that transcends all rituals of coming of age. No matter how old the children get in a Neptunian family, they are expected to return home for holidays, take close care of aging parents, observe all hallowed family traditions, raise their children in time honored sacred ways and marry someone who is willing to morph into and be absorbed by this entropic amorphous constellation of pulsating sensors and feelers.
The rooms and hallways of the Neptunian family home ring with the angel chorus, “We're so close.” “We do everything together.” “I married my brother's best friend.” “My mother and I write to each other every day but we don't open them. That way when one of us dies, we can always be in touch.” Family members in Neptunian homes make sacrifices for each other that could make a saint blush. After all, to live your own life would be selfish.
Every once in awhile a Neptunian child gets into a Uranian family in order to elevate their sense of feeling connection, or a Uranian child gets into a Neptunian one to introduce fresh new ingredients into the “soup” so to speak. These children arrive when families have reached critical mass and help them make leaps in evolution. Families evolve just like people do.
Neptunian family members touch, cuddle and snuggle all their lives. Perhaps you have seen them, like the family that sat in front of me at the Pavarotti concert who got up at the break and went to the bathroom together like those crack-the-whip lines we used to form on the ice skating rink. Some cultures are prone to Neptunian dynamics. I suspect that Third World countries incline that way because of interdependency needs that are accentuated in conditions of limited resources. Hardly anyone can stand alone in poverty. There are many coming of age movies today where a second generation, being raised in the United States or England, tries to come to terms with marrying outside the Neptunian family's expectations and moving brazenly outside the family circle. “Bend it Like Beckham” is an example of a film with this theme.
Are you beginning to form an idea of which planet your family comes from? Here are checklists to assist you.
RATE YOUR FAMILY
Checklist for Uranian families:
ON THE UPSIDE
•independence is valued
•ability to think for yourself
•contribute to the community
•stay busy outside the home
•egalitarian family structure (everyone is their own authority)
•high energy creative self expression
•much enjoyment talking about things
ON THE DOWNSIDE
•every man/woman for herself
•frequent rifts and separations
•lacking emotional connections
•few family traditions
•contests of will
•conflict over pecking order
•eccentric
•someone in the family is forced to be dramatically and passionately at odds with the rest, who are cool-headed
•if there are any skeletons in the closet they are probably “outed” and involve someone who went against the law
Checklist for Neptunian families.
ON THE UPSIDE
•close knit
•communicate without talking
•physical closeness and depth of feelings
•protective; no one has to leave the nest
•strong worth ethic; take care of your own
•us against the world
ON THE DOWNSIDE
•codependent
•no one has any privacy
•emotionality runs rampant over logic and practicality
•individual members are never encouraged to make it on their own
•difficulty rising above your station in life
•emotional manipulation and control
•dark undertones
•being independent is considered being selfish
•family secrets such as abortions, illegitimate children (more important in former generations), mysterious or early deaths, fanatical religious beliefs, financial failures or ill-gotten gain
Did you find out which planet your family comes from?
The important thing is that no matter what your family is like, it's family! More and more adopted people today are looking up their birth parents. If this proves impossible, did you know you can still do it through your astrology chart? An astrologer can give you a good description of your earliest days here on the planet. We can even tell you about your prenatal experience of the womb.
Many astrologers today are specializing in family dynamic readings. For your reading, you will be asked to provide the birth dates, places and times, if available, of all members of your immediate family. This includes, parents and grandparents on both sides, important aunts and uncles, also children, grandchildren and important steps.
A family dynamics reading is a fascinating and healing experience. Today's astrologer is a positive professional, reading for personal growth and empowerment. Issues are presented in terms of choice and evolutionary intention. You'll learn the reasons you incarnated with the people in your family karmically; whether you have been with them in other lifetimes and in what relationship, constellated issues and challenges and areas of potential growth and healing.
Know yourself as never before. Know yourself in the context of your family. If you would like to learn more, read Erin Sullivan's book, The Astrology of Family Dynamics” or schedule an appointment with a professional astrologer who does family dynamic readings.
About the AuthorNancy R. Fenn is a professional astrologer in the San Diego area specializing in family dynamic readings. Visit her on the web at www.theintrovertzcoach.com
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