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Basic Telescope Designs

The job of a telescope is to collect light, not to magnify an image (the eyepiece does that job). The larger the objective (the part that collects the light) whether it be a lens, in refractors, or a mirror, in reflectors, the more light the telescope will collect. The more light you can collect, the more detail you will be able to capture, and also important for astrophotography, the shorter your exposures will need to be to capture this detail.

Refractor Telescopes

The type of telescope most people visualize when they hear the word telescope is the 'Refractor'. This is what Galileo used for his break-thru discoveries. A refractor has an objective lens at the front which passes the light straight through to the back of the tube, focusing this light at an eyepiece or for astrophotography a camera.

Advantages:

-No central obstruction (see more in the reflecting scopes), giving higher contrast.

-Due to the simple design they require little maintenance.

-Excellent for planetary and lunar viewing and photography.

-Excellent for wide field viewing and astrophotography especially in shorter focal lengths (more on this later).

-Because the objective is permanently mounted and aligned there is no need for collimation (again more on this in another article).

-Excellent color in apochromatic and ED (Extra Dispersion) designs.

Disadvantages:

-Costlier per inch of aperture (objective) than reflectors and catadioptric telescopes.

-Can become bulky and difficult to manage, especially in larger lens designs.

Newtonian Telescopes

This design was invented by Sir Isaac Newton (he of the apple on the head fame). Instead of a lens at the front of the tube this telescope design uses a concave, parabolic mirror to collect light reflecting it back towards the front of the tube to a flat diagonal mirror which reflects the light out the side of the telescope to the eyepiece or camera for astrophotography.

Advantages:

-Lowest cost per inch of all the telescope designs.

-More light gathering power per dollar because of the lower cost design.

-Absolutely perfect color rendition.

-More compact design compared to a refractor of similar light gathering ability.

-Excellent contrast for planetary and lunar astrophotography and viewing in longer focal lengths.

-Can get excellent wide-field astrophotos and short exposures in shorter focal lengths.

Disadvantages:

-Slight loss of contrast due to the central obstruction (the flat secondary mirror) as compared to a refractor.

-Requires more maintenance, such as collimation (discussed in another article) which is vital for great results in your astrophotography, although you will learn how to do this quickly with practice.

Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescopes

This is a very popular design, with a high tech look. Also known as a CAT (Catadrioptics). They use a combination of lenses and mirrors to collect and focus the light onto the eyepiece or camera. The light enters the telescope through a thin 'lens' called a schmidt corrector plate, goes to the back of the scope to a spherical primary mirror which reflects the light back towards the front. Here the light strikes another mirror, the secondary mirror which is mounted on the corrector plate. This secondary mirror then reflects the light back towards the back where it is focused onto a hole in the primary mirror where the light is collected by an eyepiece or your astrophotography camera.

Advantages:

-Compact and portable.

-Low maintenance although once again collimation is required for top performance.

-Many, many astrophotography accessories available.

-Cheaper per inch of aperture as compared with refractors.

-Excellent all-round telescope, good to very good for both visual and astrophography.

-Very good for planetary and lunar viewing and astrophotography.

-Very good to excellent for DSO (Deep Space Object) astrophotography with a caveat (see the disadvantages).

-Very good to excellent optics, both Meade and Celestron are putting out excellent optics on a consistant basis.

Disadvantages:

-Costlier per inch of aperture as compared with Newtonian telescopes.

-Loss of contrast due to the central obstruction which is even larger than that in the Newtonian scopes.

-Due to their longer focal lengths the field of view is smaller and longer exposures are required for astrophotography, although a lens known as a focal reducer is available which minimizes or removes this problem. The longer focal length is actually an advantage in planetary and lunar photography.

Maksutov-Cassegrain

The Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope design is basically the same as the Schmidt-Cassegrain design except it uses a meniscus lens at the front instead of a Schmidt corrector plate. The main advantage to the Mak telescope design is you will get sharper higher contrast planetary and lunar images when compared with the Schmidt design.

1. The Constellation writing activity with Constellation Virgo and constellatio...

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2. Leo Minor, the Little Lion

Leo Minor, the Little Lion Outline of the constellation Leo Minor Back to Index
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5. Observing the Sky

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7. AMS Meteor Showers page

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8. LEO CONSTELLATION - leo constellation

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11. Not What You'd Expect

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12. page1.html

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13. False Gospel in the Stars: Leo

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15. Westchester-Putnam Council, BSA - Links to Other Sites

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17. November 2005 Monthly Astrology Report

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18. Event Horses For Sale

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19. Leo Constellation

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20. the constellation leo

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21.

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24. Llewellyn Encyclopedia

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28. Embry-Riddle Observatory

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30. Leo, in astronomy

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31. Danville Science Center - Calendar -

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32. Auroras & Meteors

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38. Leonid Meteor Shower: The Leonids are going Out with a Bang!

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40. LEO CONSTELLATION, FREE CARD READING, DRUID HISTORY

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www.Gramalkin.com - Sidereal Astrology - Learning Tarot Modus Operandi #5
Gramalkin Sidereal Astrologer
2007 *** “Sidereal Horoscopes”

By

Gramalkin

Sidereal Astrologer

San Francisco School

http://www.gramalkin.com

“Learning Tarot Modus Operandi (#5)

“The Cardinal Sin of Mankind is Mistaking the Apparent for Real”

“Attention Pattern Manipulates Mystic Law Creating Experience Attentions on God or Not”

“The allopathic psychiatrist must ask the patient how they feel about it, the great reader tells them”.

Each numbered article edition has new material added to it. The highest number is the newest edition.

To be an efficient Tarot Card Reader one MUST have sight recognition at least of the astrological cross-reference to the cards and have a Second Nature Realization of the Intrinsic Values of the Planets. Properly done this is actually quite easy as there are only ten planets and seventy-eight cards.

When they can not tell true from false they claim opinion. Truth is neither a matter of opinion, faith, awareness or agreement. Truth is that which changes not, that which remains the same for all, in every case, on all levels of being this side of vibration.

Astrology, Tarot, any of these techniques one is dealing with a set of SYMBOLOGY for the PSYCHOLOGICAL CONDITIONS one is dealing with. These conditions show how we relate to things and therefore how things happen to or for us, Mystic Laws of Cause and Effect, et cetera. Tarot Cards (all cast lots) show the future for the way things stand now unless something is done to effectively change the case at hand, which is what we are about.

“The Intrinsic Value of the Planets”

For practical purposes the intrinsic values of the planets equals the intrinsic value of their corresponding constellation. Mars = Aries or read Aries as Mars et cetera. Yes there are the Solar Crosses - Cardinal, Fixed, Mutable the Fire, Earth, Air, Water elements and such however Venus is Venus and Jupiter is Jupiter every time.

The way to do the planets is to learn one planet a week or one planet a day if you are a quick study. The idea is to take them one at a time until each planetary intrinsic value is second nature to you without having to think about it rather than trying to learn them all at once.

“The Tarot Cards”

The easy way to learn the delineation of the Tarot Cards is to first learn the astrological cross reference to the Major Arcana cards then the Court Cards and finally each individual suit of the Minor Arcana cards. Waite Rider Mini and Albino and Agmuller Crowley Mini Tarot Card Decks are recommended. The words on the Crowley cards are mostly wrong. It's intrinsic values that count.

“The Major Arcana”

The Major Arcana of the Tarot is simply symbology for the planets and zodiacal constellations. Card numbers 0-21. Begin by arranging the Major Arcana cards in common order. Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces.

With the Major Arcana arranged by planet and sign order it is much easier to get into the flow than when arrangement is scrambled via card number. “Gramalkin®™©1970”-v1-7.6

***

The way to learn the card cross-reference of the cards to the planets is to use the flash card technique they use to teach children the alphabet. It is ever so easier to do readings when the cross-reference is second nature, unnecessary to check the cross-reference for every card in a multiple deck reading. One may just draw the cross-references in the border of the cards however by far the preferred technique is sight recognition. Just keep the list in front of one and go through the stacks of cards in order until by rote one instantly recognizes at least the planetary symbology for each card. E.g. The Sun Card = The Sun.

In fact one may do a pretty decent reading using just the Major Arcana cards as long as the layout is kept small, e.g. the Octoscope Layout which is nine cards yet pretty much covers it is pushing the limit. The minimum layout is five cards.

“The Court Cards”

The Court Cards are easily remembered by their Solar Crosses. The Kings are the Cardinal Cross. The Queens the Fixed Cross and the Pages the Mutable Cross. The Aces and Knights the element in pure form, Fire, Earth, Air, Water. The Aces are often the element Not in Motion. The Knights the Element in Motion also indicative of other people acting out ones problems via element, station, situation.

“The Minor Arcana”

Stack them up in order in four piles with the Court Cards by suit - fire, earth, air, and water. A, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Page, Knight, Queen, King. Take each suit one at a time and just flash card through them. The pattern of the Minor Arcana will soon appear.

“The Ritual”

In dealing with the actual mechanics of manipulating the cards first start with Grace from the Master and Angels. The most important part of the ritual. However, due to free will Angels generally refrain from forcing their help on one. One must ask for help to get it. The “Angels of the Light” are the ones in charge of getting the cards (the Cast Lot) in the correct Station (the Reader must delineate). For example: Master may I / we please ask you for your grace thank you. Please send Angels to watch over, guide, comfort, guard, protect, help us realize the truth, stay with us until it is taken care of, thank you amen Om.

Without this step one is just wasting ones time, as there is no way to know (even given proper mechanics) the cards are in the correct Station. This Grace process also clears any residual Astral Garbage or leftovers from previous readings hanging about.

To begin the reading first realize exactly what is the query and time period. Decide which layout or layouts are best suited to solving the type of problem, situation, query, or will provide the information one needs. Shuffle seven times. Always cut cards left-handed. Cut into three piles; restack to one pile, as you will then deal. When using the Reversed Card Technique (reversed cards equal lower self or negative manifestation) shuffle seven times, cut into three even piles, reverse the center pile, restack into one pile and shuffle seven more times, cut into three stacks, restack into one pile then deal. One may rub the palms of the hands together a bit then pass the palm of the left hand over the three stacks, feel the high, medium and low energy pile and restack to one pile high to low then deal.

On my desk one will generally find a hand full of “Rider\Waite” Mini and Albino Tarot Card Decks and a couple decks of Agmuller “Crowley” Minis. In my pocket a “Rider\Waite Mini”. The “Minis” are used because of convenience. The cards are small so a large “Layout” and or several “Layouts” may be done on a small table, and both the Crowley and Waite decks have beautiful pictures throughout. The Waite Mini Deck is proportioned like Tarot Cards, The Waite Albino Deck like Playing Cards.

One would say; first toss an “Octoscope General Reading Layout” with a Crowley. Then do a “Past\Present\Future\ Layout” to the left with a Waite Mini. Add a “Yes\No Layout” to the right with a Waite Mini and to the right of that another “Yes\No Layout” with a Waite Albino deck. This results in four Layouts on the table with each layout in a different deck of cards than the ones next to it so the decks do not accidentally get mixed together.

Angels can fly because they take themselves lightly.

Good luck, love, thank you,

Gramalkin

***

2c
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