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Basic Telescope Designs

The job of a telescope is to collect light, not to magnify an image (the eyepiece does that job). The larger the objective (the part that collects the light) whether it be a lens, in refractors, or a mirror, in reflectors, the more light the telescope will collect. The more light you can collect, the more detail you will be able to capture, and also important for astrophotography, the shorter your exposures will need to be to capture this detail.

Refractor Telescopes

The type of telescope most people visualize when they hear the word telescope is the 'Refractor'. This is what Galileo used for his break-thru discoveries. A refractor has an objective lens at the front which passes the light straight through to the back of the tube, focusing this light at an eyepiece or for astrophotography a camera.

Advantages:

-No central obstruction (see more in the reflecting scopes), giving higher contrast.

-Due to the simple design they require little maintenance.

-Excellent for planetary and lunar viewing and photography.

-Excellent for wide field viewing and astrophotography especially in shorter focal lengths (more on this later).

-Because the objective is permanently mounted and aligned there is no need for collimation (again more on this in another article).

-Excellent color in apochromatic and ED (Extra Dispersion) designs.

Disadvantages:

-Costlier per inch of aperture (objective) than reflectors and catadioptric telescopes.

-Can become bulky and difficult to manage, especially in larger lens designs.

Newtonian Telescopes

This design was invented by Sir Isaac Newton (he of the apple on the head fame). Instead of a lens at the front of the tube this telescope design uses a concave, parabolic mirror to collect light reflecting it back towards the front of the tube to a flat diagonal mirror which reflects the light out the side of the telescope to the eyepiece or camera for astrophotography.

Advantages:

-Lowest cost per inch of all the telescope designs.

-More light gathering power per dollar because of the lower cost design.

-Absolutely perfect color rendition.

-More compact design compared to a refractor of similar light gathering ability.

-Excellent contrast for planetary and lunar astrophotography and viewing in longer focal lengths.

-Can get excellent wide-field astrophotos and short exposures in shorter focal lengths.

Disadvantages:

-Slight loss of contrast due to the central obstruction (the flat secondary mirror) as compared to a refractor.

-Requires more maintenance, such as collimation (discussed in another article) which is vital for great results in your astrophotography, although you will learn how to do this quickly with practice.

Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescopes

This is a very popular design, with a high tech look. Also known as a CAT (Catadrioptics). They use a combination of lenses and mirrors to collect and focus the light onto the eyepiece or camera. The light enters the telescope through a thin 'lens' called a schmidt corrector plate, goes to the back of the scope to a spherical primary mirror which reflects the light back towards the front. Here the light strikes another mirror, the secondary mirror which is mounted on the corrector plate. This secondary mirror then reflects the light back towards the back where it is focused onto a hole in the primary mirror where the light is collected by an eyepiece or your astrophotography camera.

Advantages:

-Compact and portable.

-Low maintenance although once again collimation is required for top performance.

-Many, many astrophotography accessories available.

-Cheaper per inch of aperture as compared with refractors.

-Excellent all-round telescope, good to very good for both visual and astrophography.

-Very good for planetary and lunar viewing and astrophotography.

-Very good to excellent for DSO (Deep Space Object) astrophotography with a caveat (see the disadvantages).

-Very good to excellent optics, both Meade and Celestron are putting out excellent optics on a consistant basis.

Disadvantages:

-Costlier per inch of aperture as compared with Newtonian telescopes.

-Loss of contrast due to the central obstruction which is even larger than that in the Newtonian scopes.

-Due to their longer focal lengths the field of view is smaller and longer exposures are required for astrophotography, although a lens known as a focal reducer is available which minimizes or removes this problem. The longer focal length is actually an advantage in planetary and lunar photography.

Maksutov-Cassegrain

The Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope design is basically the same as the Schmidt-Cassegrain design except it uses a meniscus lens at the front instead of a Schmidt corrector plate. The main advantage to the Mak telescope design is you will get sharper higher contrast planetary and lunar images when compared with the Schmidt design.

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Sidereal Astrology - Gramalkin.com - Tarot Reader and Sidereal Astrologer
Gramalkin Sidereal Astrologer
1df8 Sidereal Astrology - Gramalkin.com - Tarot Reader and Sidereal Astrologer

Dateline GMT 0 London 9/10/2oo5 (adjust to your time zone).

www.gramalkin.com - As the transiting Sun begins its passage through the Jupiter Lunar Mansion of the Fixed Cross constellation Leo September 13 - 17 there is a partile square to Pluto in Scorpio plus a trine to Mars in Aries.

Peaking zero degree the 14th & 15th it looks a bit dangerous out there midweek for a couple of days.

The Jupiter Lunar Mansion of Leo taken by its self is usually a very pleasant experience. Leo = Sun and Sun illuminates whatever is there. Jupiter is joy; success; prosperity; overindulgence and so forth.

Pluto is miracles; change; death; accidents; bickering and Mars is courage; go, go, go; impatient; impulsive; restless; temperamental; argumentative and sex among other things.

Put them all together the setting is one of accident, argument, perverse, violence, financial and legal problems.

The Moon in the Cardinal Cross will be in the constellation of Capricorn for this period 14th - 17th, conjunct Neptune opposition Saturn in Cancer T square Venus in Libra.

This configuration will add the public doing the confused, depressed, frustrated broken hearted in love with love rather than in love, morose morbid self-destructive escapist delusion thing. It is someone else's fault my life is a mess. Someone else is causing my experience. You make me mad. You are causing how I feel.

They always want to know, Gramalkin how is it you are the only guy since Bible Job that its not your fault?...……It's a gift, pal.

Once upon a time long, long ago knew these five girls that all had their Sidereal Natal Horoscopes. Every Friday they would all ask me, Gramalkin what kind of weekend will I have? All that was done is read the transit moon to their chart and predict their weekend and it was always correct every single time.

Here is a moment for the wise to be careful and refrain from getting caught up in any negativity. A good look before leaping.

Gramalkin's initial advice is to get all the divine protections one can get therefore try reading the two articles Angels & Daimoku on www.gramalkin.com

Do the Angel Ritual and common sense preventive maintenance (e.g. stop look & listen before you cross the street, tires & brakes, diet, need medicine take it et cetera).

The idea is to consciously project the higher self or positive qualities of the planet at hand rather than “lower self-essence dominated react” with the lower self-qualities.

Read the Intrinsic Value of these Planets to gain a deeper understanding of this configuration in the free basic astrology and tarot techniques give-away with the San Francisco School of Sidereal Astrology technique, now given away free on www.gramalkin.com (click on the Stars = Cards and Book Information tab). The cumulative research of millions of people over the last 10,000 years.

“Note”

The way the cosmos works astrology functions under the law of correspondences of the Mystic or Operating Law the law of Analogy, the “Hermes Law” (as above so below, as on the inner so on the outer).

The celestial motion of the planets trough the zodiacal constellations (see http://www.gramalkin.com) symbolize the world wide psychological conditions for the entire planet. It is when the celestial configurations (planetary transit aspects) fall activated on ones personal horoscope file of charts one will have the corresponding event experience in ones daily life.

Properly done horoscope and tarot readings yield a realistic peak into the psychological / physical past, present and future. Astrology, tarot, any of these techniques one is reading a set of symbology for the psychological conditions one is dealing with that show how we relate to things therefore how things happen to or for us, (Mystic Laws of Cause and Effect, Cycles etc.). Refer to a more detailed explanation on http://www.gramalkin.com.

Essentially as a result of the cumulative pattern of ones attention (ones Natal Horoscope) the cosmos presents us with a stimuli. As a result of how ones attention pattern reacts to the stimuli the game is afoot. Our reaction to the stimuli is most important.

There are only two kinds of people. At will at one with co-creators with God, or not. Unless one can part oceans, move mountains and heal masses with a blink a wink and a wave one is an or not. One is an or not because one has psychological problems which must be addressed.

Now you know me, I am pro denial and cheerfully accept all excuses.

The solution is always the same. Attention Pattern Manipulates Mystic Law Creating Experience, Attentions on God Or Not. Read the Armature Satsang the Mystery Revealed article on www.gramalkin.com.

Keep meditating. Master may I please ask you for your grace thank you. Singing Om Om Om Om, Om Om Om Om, Om Om Om Om, Om Om Om Om, Om Om Om Om et cetera all the time is a good start. Good luck, and remember “Angels can fly because they take themselves lightly”.

www.gramalkin.com - Sidereal astrology, tarot reader and sidereal astrologer.

www.gramalkin.com Announces free basic astrology and tarot techniques give-away with the San Francisco School of Sidereal Astrology technique, now given away free on www.gramalkin.com (click on the Stars = Cards and Book Information tab). The cumulitive research of millions of people over the last 10,000 years.

An expertly trained professional astrologist, capable of administering all phases of Sidereal astrology and tarot - love, money, health, spiritual evolution and relationships compatibility profile to help both women and men in the search of true compatibility guidance, Gramalkin (www.gramalkin.com ) also helps to improve both spiritual awareness and an every day life condition.

www.gramalkin.com is the home of Gramalkin; Professional Sidereal astrologer, tarot reader and the foremost practicing direct heir of the astrological insights, knowledge and research of the modern day father of astrology, the great world famous Astrologer Astronomer Cyril Fagan of Dublin, Ireland (1896-1970).

Out of the San Francisco School of Sidereal Astrology directed by Fagan's Chosen Heir the Reverend Professor John Mazurek (1919-2003) where Gramalkin was privileged to study, and carry Fagan's and Mazurek's techniques in trust to provide the public at large both accurate and reliable astrological charts, tarot readings, lectures, books and tutoring.

What many are not aware of is that the very foundation of astrology most often associated with Western Civilization is in fact incorrect and somewhat misleading. The fundamental problem stems from Classical Greek and Moorish Astrologers who translated the Zodiac they inherited from the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians incorrectly. Nothing has been right since. You can find the true facts of this and the thoughts of Gramalkin himself; a true Sidereal astrologer.

View Sidereal astrology horoscopes online at www.gramalkin.com; from an acclaimed expert in the Sidereal Zodiac today.

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