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Basic Telescope Designs

The job of a telescope is to collect light, not to magnify an image (the eyepiece does that job). The larger the objective (the part that collects the light) whether it be a lens, in refractors, or a mirror, in reflectors, the more light the telescope will collect. The more light you can collect, the more detail you will be able to capture, and also important for astrophotography, the shorter your exposures will need to be to capture this detail.

Refractor Telescopes

The type of telescope most people visualize when they hear the word telescope is the 'Refractor'. This is what Galileo used for his break-thru discoveries. A refractor has an objective lens at the front which passes the light straight through to the back of the tube, focusing this light at an eyepiece or for astrophotography a camera.

Advantages:

-No central obstruction (see more in the reflecting scopes), giving higher contrast.

-Due to the simple design they require little maintenance.

-Excellent for planetary and lunar viewing and photography.

-Excellent for wide field viewing and astrophotography especially in shorter focal lengths (more on this later).

-Because the objective is permanently mounted and aligned there is no need for collimation (again more on this in another article).

-Excellent color in apochromatic and ED (Extra Dispersion) designs.

Disadvantages:

-Costlier per inch of aperture (objective) than reflectors and catadioptric telescopes.

-Can become bulky and difficult to manage, especially in larger lens designs.

Newtonian Telescopes

This design was invented by Sir Isaac Newton (he of the apple on the head fame). Instead of a lens at the front of the tube this telescope design uses a concave, parabolic mirror to collect light reflecting it back towards the front of the tube to a flat diagonal mirror which reflects the light out the side of the telescope to the eyepiece or camera for astrophotography.

Advantages:

-Lowest cost per inch of all the telescope designs.

-More light gathering power per dollar because of the lower cost design.

-Absolutely perfect color rendition.

-More compact design compared to a refractor of similar light gathering ability.

-Excellent contrast for planetary and lunar astrophotography and viewing in longer focal lengths.

-Can get excellent wide-field astrophotos and short exposures in shorter focal lengths.

Disadvantages:

-Slight loss of contrast due to the central obstruction (the flat secondary mirror) as compared to a refractor.

-Requires more maintenance, such as collimation (discussed in another article) which is vital for great results in your astrophotography, although you will learn how to do this quickly with practice.

Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescopes

This is a very popular design, with a high tech look. Also known as a CAT (Catadrioptics). They use a combination of lenses and mirrors to collect and focus the light onto the eyepiece or camera. The light enters the telescope through a thin 'lens' called a schmidt corrector plate, goes to the back of the scope to a spherical primary mirror which reflects the light back towards the front. Here the light strikes another mirror, the secondary mirror which is mounted on the corrector plate. This secondary mirror then reflects the light back towards the back where it is focused onto a hole in the primary mirror where the light is collected by an eyepiece or your astrophotography camera.

Advantages:

-Compact and portable.

-Low maintenance although once again collimation is required for top performance.

-Many, many astrophotography accessories available.

-Cheaper per inch of aperture as compared with refractors.

-Excellent all-round telescope, good to very good for both visual and astrophography.

-Very good for planetary and lunar viewing and astrophotography.

-Very good to excellent for DSO (Deep Space Object) astrophotography with a caveat (see the disadvantages).

-Very good to excellent optics, both Meade and Celestron are putting out excellent optics on a consistant basis.

Disadvantages:

-Costlier per inch of aperture as compared with Newtonian telescopes.

-Loss of contrast due to the central obstruction which is even larger than that in the Newtonian scopes.

-Due to their longer focal lengths the field of view is smaller and longer exposures are required for astrophotography, although a lens known as a focal reducer is available which minimizes or removes this problem. The longer focal length is actually an advantage in planetary and lunar photography.

Maksutov-Cassegrain

The Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope design is basically the same as the Schmidt-Cassegrain design except it uses a meniscus lens at the front instead of a Schmidt corrector plate. The main advantage to the Mak telescope design is you will get sharper higher contrast planetary and lunar images when compared with the Schmidt design.

1. FILLING THE SKY - Constellation History

... History November 2005 Constellation Monthly Constellation Index Finding Modern Constellations ... ... Borealis, Cygnus, Delphinus, Draco, Equuleus, Hercules, Lyra, Ophiuchus, Pegasus, Perseus, Sagitta ...
http://www.fillingthesky.com/id8.html

2. cancer constellation

... Hercules, the gods did not give Cancer bright stars to mark the constellation. M44 (NGC 2632) is ... ... associated with the Hercules constellation family. Stars and other ... The sun passes this ...
http://www.diy-medical-kn ...cer-constellation.htm

3. Moon Phase Prediction Software & eBook.

Learn about the Moon with this eBook and predict Moon phases and more with the associated astronomy/astrology software package.
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4. Hercules - Constellations - Digital Images of the Sky

Photo of Constellation Hercules The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations hercules.jpg Your browser doesn't understand frame definitions. Try with a Netscape browser (2.0 or higher)! Or get a ...
http://www.allthesky.com/ ...ercules/constell.html

5. Accelerator Gallery 2

... Activation codes from the Zeta Reticuli, Aldebaran, Cygnus & the Hercules constellation; helps one in determining oneĆ­s mission on Earth; assists one in the embodiment of other planetary gifts and ...
http://www.bryandeflores.com/accelerator2.html

6. In the Tracks of Hercules

... the gleaming star shining from its forehead, Hercules pursues the bull from place to place. Single ... ... the brilliant fixed star Aldebaran, in the constellation of Taurus, and the nearby constellation of ...
http://www.lucistrust.org ...s/labours/taurus.html

7. Ask Astrologer Archive 3

... Ophiuchus for centuries, just as we know about other constellations like Pegasus and Hercules. A constellation is not the same as a 'sign'. The two are quite separate things. Astrologers use the ...
http://www.elysian.co.uk/ ...trologerarchives3.htm

8. Gospel According To Hercules - Book Order Form #1

... This Text To Go To Next Page Gospel According To Hercules Series Orion, Eridanus, Auriga,Aries, Cassiopeia, Cetus, Perseus, constellations, constellation, Pisces, Band, Andromeda, Cepheus,Aquarius ...
http://www.revelationofjohn.com/Books.htm

9. Global Aircraft -- Help Pages

http://help.globalaircraft.org/

10. Galaxies In Voids

... Chincarini & Rood, 1970, pointed out the redshift segregate into several groups in Hercules constellation. They hypothesized that galaxies occur in groups and that the apparent two dimensional ...
http://www.astro.bas.bg/g ...es_files/p_voids.html

11. Possible names - PrestoWiki

... and #3 below: Hydra n. Greek Mythology. The many-headed monster that was slain by Hercules. A constellation in the equatorial region of the southern sky near Cancer, Libra, and Centaurus. Also ...
http://wiki.prestonhunt.c ...ex.php/Possible_names

12. Astronomical Spectroscopy and Photometry

... Its distance from us is 25 light years, in the Hercules constellation; it is the smallest component of a binary system. It is 10 times less massive than the Sun and 60 thousand times less bright. If ...
http://www.pd.astro.it/E-MOSTRA/NEW/A4001FOT.HTM

13. Greek Mythology: ATLAS Titan God of Astronomy, Endurance, Daring, Constellat...

... harrassed by the Hesperian Drakon The Titan was subsequently placed in the heavens as the Constellation Hercules (known to the Greeks as the Kneeler), and the Drakon Hesperios, his familiar or ...
http://www.theoi.com/Titan/TitanAtlas.html

14. Astronomy - The starry sky - Richard Talcott

... A semicircle of stars represents Corona Borealis the Northern Crown, and adjacent to it is a large region that houses Hercules the Strongman, the fifth-biggest constellation in the sky. It's here we ...
http://www.astronomy.com/ ...efault.aspx?c=ss&id=7

15.

Hercules The Constellation Hercules, the great warrior Click on image for full size (130K JPEG) Hercules, the great Greek warrior, can be seen kneeling in the sky for northern latitudes throughout ...
http://www.windows.ucar.e .../summer/hercules.html

16. sample_myths

... Print out this worksheet to help guide your search** Hercules Constellation Information Hercules Myth Pisces Constellation Information Picses Myth Perseus Constellation Information Perseus Myth ...
http://europa.tcs.tufts.e ...tone/sample_myths.htm

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18. hercules

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19. Demo of Table of Contents for "The Alpha and the Omega" Vol. III - Denderah ...

... Hercules Constellation Names Hercules Star Names Hercules Decan Ophiuchus Constellation Names Ophiuchus Star Names Ophiuchus Decan Serpens Constellation Names Serpens Cauda/Caput Star Names Serpens ...
http://www.mazzaroth.com/V3DemoTOC.htm

20. Star Hopping Guide - NightSkyInfo.com

... be able to draw lines joining the stars in a constellation and have guides to help you get orientated ... ... M92 is a 6.4 magnitude globular cluster in Hercules. It is an easy target even for small ...
http://www.nightskyinfo.com/star-hopping/

21. List of constellations -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article

... Eridanus constellation Scorpius constellation Sagittarius constellation Andromeda constellation Hercules constellation Orion constellation Virgo constellation Pegasus constellation Aquila ...
http://www.absoluteastron ...of_constellations.htm

22. Image Archive of Stefano Sposetti

... The asteroid was traveling in the North/East direction in the Hercules constellation. The distance from the earth was 0,42 AU. During the 42 minutes between the first and the last image the asteroid ...
http://aida.astroinfo.org ....php/2003CP20.jpg.php

23. Thomas Carlyle's "Signs of the Times"

"Signs of the Times" [1829] Thomas Carlyle "Signs of the Times" originally appeared in the ...
http://www.victorianweb.o ...s/carlyle/signs1.html

24. The SkyNews Editor's Bookshelf

... The problem wasn t identifying the cluster itself but finding the Hercules constellation. The charts don t identify north, making it difficult to tell in which direction to look. The usefulness of ...
http://www.skynews.ca/pages/bookreview.html

26. the constellation of hercules

the constellation of hercules This is a true representation of the positions of the actual stars in the constellation of hercules taken from norton's star atlas and digitally altered - our sun is ...
http://www.drjax.co.uk/144 html pages/74.html

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28. HubbleSOURCE: Constellation Mythological Forms

... IPS Slide Service Display Transparencies Constellation Mythological Forms With the kind ... ... version (GIF 34kB) Full Resolution (PNG 1.5MB) Hercules (The hero.) Web version (GIF 37kB) Full ...
http://hubblesource.stsci ...tions/constellations/