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Basic Telescope Designs

The job of a telescope is to collect light, not to magnify an image (the eyepiece does that job). The larger the objective (the part that collects the light) whether it be a lens, in refractors, or a mirror, in reflectors, the more light the telescope will collect. The more light you can collect, the more detail you will be able to capture, and also important for astrophotography, the shorter your exposures will need to be to capture this detail.

Refractor Telescopes

The type of telescope most people visualize when they hear the word telescope is the 'Refractor'. This is what Galileo used for his break-thru discoveries. A refractor has an objective lens at the front which passes the light straight through to the back of the tube, focusing this light at an eyepiece or for astrophotography a camera.

Advantages:

-No central obstruction (see more in the reflecting scopes), giving higher contrast.

-Due to the simple design they require little maintenance.

-Excellent for planetary and lunar viewing and photography.

-Excellent for wide field viewing and astrophotography especially in shorter focal lengths (more on this later).

-Because the objective is permanently mounted and aligned there is no need for collimation (again more on this in another article).

-Excellent color in apochromatic and ED (Extra Dispersion) designs.

Disadvantages:

-Costlier per inch of aperture (objective) than reflectors and catadioptric telescopes.

-Can become bulky and difficult to manage, especially in larger lens designs.

Newtonian Telescopes

This design was invented by Sir Isaac Newton (he of the apple on the head fame). Instead of a lens at the front of the tube this telescope design uses a concave, parabolic mirror to collect light reflecting it back towards the front of the tube to a flat diagonal mirror which reflects the light out the side of the telescope to the eyepiece or camera for astrophotography.

Advantages:

-Lowest cost per inch of all the telescope designs.

-More light gathering power per dollar because of the lower cost design.

-Absolutely perfect color rendition.

-More compact design compared to a refractor of similar light gathering ability.

-Excellent contrast for planetary and lunar astrophotography and viewing in longer focal lengths.

-Can get excellent wide-field astrophotos and short exposures in shorter focal lengths.

Disadvantages:

-Slight loss of contrast due to the central obstruction (the flat secondary mirror) as compared to a refractor.

-Requires more maintenance, such as collimation (discussed in another article) which is vital for great results in your astrophotography, although you will learn how to do this quickly with practice.

Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescopes

This is a very popular design, with a high tech look. Also known as a CAT (Catadrioptics). They use a combination of lenses and mirrors to collect and focus the light onto the eyepiece or camera. The light enters the telescope through a thin 'lens' called a schmidt corrector plate, goes to the back of the scope to a spherical primary mirror which reflects the light back towards the front. Here the light strikes another mirror, the secondary mirror which is mounted on the corrector plate. This secondary mirror then reflects the light back towards the back where it is focused onto a hole in the primary mirror where the light is collected by an eyepiece or your astrophotography camera.

Advantages:

-Compact and portable.

-Low maintenance although once again collimation is required for top performance.

-Many, many astrophotography accessories available.

-Cheaper per inch of aperture as compared with refractors.

-Excellent all-round telescope, good to very good for both visual and astrophography.

-Very good for planetary and lunar viewing and astrophotography.

-Very good to excellent for DSO (Deep Space Object) astrophotography with a caveat (see the disadvantages).

-Very good to excellent optics, both Meade and Celestron are putting out excellent optics on a consistant basis.

Disadvantages:

-Costlier per inch of aperture as compared with Newtonian telescopes.

-Loss of contrast due to the central obstruction which is even larger than that in the Newtonian scopes.

-Due to their longer focal lengths the field of view is smaller and longer exposures are required for astrophotography, although a lens known as a focal reducer is available which minimizes or removes this problem. The longer focal length is actually an advantage in planetary and lunar photography.

Maksutov-Cassegrain

The Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope design is basically the same as the Schmidt-Cassegrain design except it uses a meniscus lens at the front instead of a Schmidt corrector plate. The main advantage to the Mak telescope design is you will get sharper higher contrast planetary and lunar images when compared with the Schmidt design.

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---------------------------------------------------------------Ofa Morgan is the owner of Blue Moon Offers, a site where youcan submit your articles, get free content and win a greatprize for your "rant 'n' rave". Find out how at:http://www.bluemoonoffers
1a49 Repetition is the key to getting your adverts and promotion
efforts noticed but when does repetition become over
saturation which inevitably leads to boredom? Boredom and
apathy. This is one of the biggest challenges you'll face
when promoting your site in the hit exchanges. So how do
you cut through this and get people to read your message and
take an interest in what your advertising?

There are three tips listed below on how to make your site
stand out and draw people in to see what you're offering,
but before reading and applying them, you might find it useful
to ask yourself this question: What would make a fellow
surfer visit my site even if the incentive of getting a visitor
back to their page didn't exist?

This last point is pivotal to successful hit exchange
promotion. The What's In It For Me? (WIIFM) factor has
already been satisfied to a large extent, by the fact that
the people that visit your page will be getting a guaranteed
hit back to theirs. You need to work hard to fuel their
desire, interest and curiosity even more!

So whilst using the tips listed in this article, try and shape
your hit exchange promotion with this in mind. It will help
you to come up with the biggest benefits that people will gain
from visiting your site AND reading your offer.

1) Be unusual

Create interest by writing curious, unusual headlines
with pizzaz! Wake people up. Surfers are often in a trance
like state and in a flow that you need to wake them out of.

In an article called The Hypnotic Power Of Confusion, by
Dr.Joe Vitale, he speaks about the power of confusion to get
hold of people's attention, and more importantly to then embed
within their minds, suggestions as to what you'd like them to
do next.
123456789012345678901234567890123456789012345678901234567890
It's a hypnotic technique that helps to make the mind more
susceptible to commands and suggestions. If your interested
in finding out more about this, you'll find a treasure trove
of information at http://self-hypnosis.co.uk

I've tried it out and it seems to be working! Are You
Eating A Banana Or Surfing For Credits? Huh? Download
Your Fre*e Report On How To Get The Most Out Of Your Hit
Exchange Promotion!. Does it work on you? Would you be
more likely to pay attention to this page and maybe even
download the report if you saw this headline whilst surfing?
Or would you, very quickly, click away from it?!

Headlines that speak directly to surfers are also good
attention grabbers. I've seen some nice examples of this
whilst surfing such as:

Wake Up Surfers (and lo and behold, I did wake up!),
Attention Hi*t Exchange Surfers! and
Are You Still Having Fun Clicking?

2) Be original

It seems that every other page being promoted in the hit
exchanges is an affiliate site. Unless its for a relatively
new program or the program has a variety of sites you can
choose to promote, people are going to get weary of seeing the
same pages over and over and over again.

Whilst repetition is important so that people become aware
of a product or service, over saturation can sound the death
knell for your promotion activities.

If you're an affiliate, you need to create your own page, with
your own take on the benefits of the program, product or
service you're promoting. Write your own recommendation and if
possible, add on a freebie as an incentive for people to join
through YOUR link.

Or offer a free gift in exchange for people's email addresses
and then follow up with your product/program recommendations.

3) Be short & sweet

Shout out the largest benefit of what you're promoting as
soon as possible because unless your copy is particularly
engrossing, most surfers won't hang around long enough to read
it all.

Remember, you've only got 30 seconds max for your site to be
viewed and WIIFM is very much in full swing! The next page
and the guarantee of another visitor back to a surfer's site
all beckon.

But if you absolutely can not do with out long web copy, then
you need to give them a reason to remember your site, to
bookmark it and to come back later.


This may sound a bit new agey, but here's a final tip. The
obvious reason why people use traffic exchanges is to get
visitors to see their sites, but this stems from a deeper
motivation.

Everyone who promotes their pages in the business related
categories of hit exchanges is most likely doing so because
they want to earn a living online and fulfil a dream of working
for themselves.

When you think about it in this way, you can't help but feel
a kind of kinship or bond with the owners of the sites that
you see as you surf. So wish them well as you look at their
sites and visualise people looking at your pages with
interest. By doing this you'll be increasing the success of
your campaigns and on a more practical note, don't forget to
give yourself regular breaks!


About the Author

---------------------------------------------------------------
Ofa Morgan is the owner of Blue Moon Offers, a site where you
can submit your articles, get free content and win a great
prize for your rant 'n' rave. Find out how at:
http://www.bluemoonoffers.com. She's also a hit exchange
enthusiast and for more details on one of the top traffic
exchanges, visit: http://www.bluemoonoffers.com/wmq.html

2c
http://www.aaarticles.com/article.php?id=15616