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Basic Telescope Designs

The job of a telescope is to collect light, not to magnify an image (the eyepiece does that job). The larger the objective (the part that collects the light) whether it be a lens, in refractors, or a mirror, in reflectors, the more light the telescope will collect. The more light you can collect, the more detail you will be able to capture, and also important for astrophotography, the shorter your exposures will need to be to capture this detail.

Refractor Telescopes

The type of telescope most people visualize when they hear the word telescope is the 'Refractor'. This is what Galileo used for his break-thru discoveries. A refractor has an objective lens at the front which passes the light straight through to the back of the tube, focusing this light at an eyepiece or for astrophotography a camera.

Advantages:

-No central obstruction (see more in the reflecting scopes), giving higher contrast.

-Due to the simple design they require little maintenance.

-Excellent for planetary and lunar viewing and photography.

-Excellent for wide field viewing and astrophotography especially in shorter focal lengths (more on this later).

-Because the objective is permanently mounted and aligned there is no need for collimation (again more on this in another article).

-Excellent color in apochromatic and ED (Extra Dispersion) designs.

Disadvantages:

-Costlier per inch of aperture (objective) than reflectors and catadioptric telescopes.

-Can become bulky and difficult to manage, especially in larger lens designs.

Newtonian Telescopes

This design was invented by Sir Isaac Newton (he of the apple on the head fame). Instead of a lens at the front of the tube this telescope design uses a concave, parabolic mirror to collect light reflecting it back towards the front of the tube to a flat diagonal mirror which reflects the light out the side of the telescope to the eyepiece or camera for astrophotography.

Advantages:

-Lowest cost per inch of all the telescope designs.

-More light gathering power per dollar because of the lower cost design.

-Absolutely perfect color rendition.

-More compact design compared to a refractor of similar light gathering ability.

-Excellent contrast for planetary and lunar astrophotography and viewing in longer focal lengths.

-Can get excellent wide-field astrophotos and short exposures in shorter focal lengths.

Disadvantages:

-Slight loss of contrast due to the central obstruction (the flat secondary mirror) as compared to a refractor.

-Requires more maintenance, such as collimation (discussed in another article) which is vital for great results in your astrophotography, although you will learn how to do this quickly with practice.

Schmidt-Cassegrain Telescopes

This is a very popular design, with a high tech look. Also known as a CAT (Catadrioptics). They use a combination of lenses and mirrors to collect and focus the light onto the eyepiece or camera. The light enters the telescope through a thin 'lens' called a schmidt corrector plate, goes to the back of the scope to a spherical primary mirror which reflects the light back towards the front. Here the light strikes another mirror, the secondary mirror which is mounted on the corrector plate. This secondary mirror then reflects the light back towards the back where it is focused onto a hole in the primary mirror where the light is collected by an eyepiece or your astrophotography camera.

Advantages:

-Compact and portable.

-Low maintenance although once again collimation is required for top performance.

-Many, many astrophotography accessories available.

-Cheaper per inch of aperture as compared with refractors.

-Excellent all-round telescope, good to very good for both visual and astrophography.

-Very good for planetary and lunar viewing and astrophotography.

-Very good to excellent for DSO (Deep Space Object) astrophotography with a caveat (see the disadvantages).

-Very good to excellent optics, both Meade and Celestron are putting out excellent optics on a consistant basis.

Disadvantages:

-Costlier per inch of aperture as compared with Newtonian telescopes.

-Loss of contrast due to the central obstruction which is even larger than that in the Newtonian scopes.

-Due to their longer focal lengths the field of view is smaller and longer exposures are required for astrophotography, although a lens known as a focal reducer is available which minimizes or removes this problem. The longer focal length is actually an advantage in planetary and lunar photography.

Maksutov-Cassegrain

The Maksutov-Cassegrain telescope design is basically the same as the Schmidt-Cassegrain design except it uses a meniscus lens at the front instead of a Schmidt corrector plate. The main advantage to the Mak telescope design is you will get sharper higher contrast planetary and lunar images when compared with the Schmidt design.

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We are Going to Live on Mars
Arthur Zulu
188e

Good news is hard to come by these days. But alas there is one. Man will soon be living on the red planet Mars.

The Journey started on a good foot. The space rocket Spirit successfully landed on the planet. It began photographing and digging up Mars and sending messages back to the earth that will soon be vacated. And there is back slapping and clicking of glasses as we drink our wines. And we pray for Spirit and her sister rocket to discover water (we need it badly) and peharps some demand microorganisms hidden in rocks.

That is the first phase of this Martian expedition. The next stage will be a manned flight by two dare-devil astronauts, who will be willing to make history by taking the two-month long trip. In order to make the trip exciting, the astronauts would first have to set camp on the moon. Yes, they would really have to take off from the moon to Mars. (This is not fiction.) And then after several successful flights and mapping of Mars, model houses would have to be built ahead of the Martian exodus. But why you may ask, are we migrating to Mars?

The first reason is that terrorists have taken over this hell of a place called earth, and nobody is safe anymore. Even if you were living on the tallest building or hiding in a cave. Cave? That is the worst. Because all the terrorists are now living under the mountains and spider holes in the bushes far from the prying eyes cameras and secret agents.

The other reason is that there is so much crime on this earth. Think of the murderers, the robbers, and the rapists. Too many guns! Too many bad people. Someone has either been murdered, robbed or raped as you read this. If that person is not you, give glory to God.

Additionally, this earth has been polluted beyond any saying of it. The seas have been turned into sewers, toxic wastes dot the land, while fog have taken over the atmosphere. So you can see that this earth is no longer safe for habitation.

Religious fundamentalists are not even helping matters. These preachers of hate encourage their followers to go about with knives hidden under their robes and bombs strapped to their waists with the intent to kill the infidels and get a one-way ticket to heaven. And since there are so many heaven lovers, the 'infidels' who are dwelling on earth have no place to hide. So these are the reasons why we must all vacate earth and go to live on Mars.

But make no mistake about it. It will be easier for a camel to pass through the needle's eye than for you to get visa to Mars. Because there would be physical, mental, and moral security since no social psychopath would be needed on Mars.

First, you would be photographed and finger printed. Then you would be required to pass through a machine that would search even your inside for weapon possession. And then psychiatrists would have to examine your brain for mental fitness. Meanwhile, the Interpol is double checking your past for any hint of crime record.

If you pass all of these, you would then go to the moon for space travel orientation and survival drills. The course is rigorous because it includes how to survival on zero gravity, survival without oxygen, and how to survive below freezing point. If you pass that, then you have to think of how to pay your ticket fee to Mars. Because the amount is equal the annual budget of poor nations. And because we are not going to turn to spirits and fly to Mars.

Since Mars is a very cold place, departure to the planet will be in this order. Those who live in the polar regions-- the coldest spots on earth -- will go first. In that case, Greenlanders and Netherlanders in the north, and the Australians and New Zealanders down under, would make up the first settlement in Mars. 'Lucky' folks. The Europeans and Americans would follow. Of course the Africans who are sun friendly, would bring the rear.

When the good people would have been 'spirited' to Mars, a rocket would be sent back to earth with fire to burn the terrorists, the murderers, the robbers, and the religious fanatics. (Since they are not with us, they are against us)

Up there in Mars, there would be no terrorist, because no one is allowed to carry guns. Except the governors of Mars who made the Martian dream a reality. And in an atmosphere of peace, we recline on the red planet and drink our red wines -- made in Mars of course.

Many years after, the story would be told to our grand-children of how a certain earth was destroyed. And they would look down from Mars and pity former planet earth. But I fear that after our generation is gone, some terrorists would spring up from Mars and our grandchildren would destroy the planet and head for Jupiter and pass on the story to their grandchildren.

Now let the journey begin.

ARTHUR ZULU an editor and book reviewer, is the author of the controversial book, CHASING SHADOWS!: A Dream. (A book that reveals the terrorists' master plan to finally set the world on fire!)
For a copy of the book and FREE excerpt, goto:
http://www.1stbooks.com/bookview/21013
For contacts, mailto:
mostcontroversialwriter@yahoo.com


About the Author

ARTHUR ZULU an editor and book reviewer, is the author of the controversial book, CHASING SHADOWS!: A Dream. (A book that reveals the terrorists' master plan to finally set the world on fire!)
For a copy of the book and FREE excerpt, goto:
http://www.1stbooks.com/bookview/21013
For contacts, mailto:
mostcontroversialwriter@yahoo.com

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http://www.aaarticles.com/article16474.html